Colon cancer is the second most common cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Over the past two decades, there has been a notable rise in early-onset colorectal cancer (EO-CRC) cases, defined as those diagnosed before the age of 50. This increase accounts for about 10% of CRC mortalities. The rise in EO-CRC is alarming and has led to global efforts to understand its trends, diagnostic challenges, and potential future interventions. Several factors, such as Western dietary patterns, smoking, and obesity, have been suggested as potential causes.
Additionally, the gut microbiota’s role in influencing obesity, immunity, and inflammation is being explored as a contributing factor. Despite the known genetic syndromes associated with CRC, a significant portion of EO-CRC cases are sporadic, and the exact cause remains elusive. One of the major challenges in addressing EO-CRC is the delay in diagnosis, often due to a lack of awareness among both patients and healthcare providers. Efforts are ongoing to lower the recommended age for CRC screening and to increase public awareness about the disease.